A REPUBLIC FOR THE HAPPY FEW

UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGE IN THIS MASSIVELY RURAL COUNTRY LED TO A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DOMINATED BY THE FAR RIGHT 

(IN APRIL 1848)

Conservatives' leader, the royalist Count Alfred de Falloux

     Zoom

     His château / zoom

Alexis de Toqueville describes how notables control peasant votes.

Villagers meet in front of the church before marching in procession, two by two, to the voting site. There Toqueville makes a speech, telling them to remain together until all have voted and to ignore people who try to dissuade them.

-- Cited in Thiers, by Georges Valance

But deputies to the provisional government owe their seats to the street, which obtains...

• The right to organize: professional societies, which are embryonic unions, appear and between February and June 250 delegations solicit the Assembly. At the same time, 171 journals are founded (some say 300).

-- The Underclass of June 1848, "Annales," sept.-oct. 1974 (in French)

• A palliative to unemployment, the "National Workshops" 

The National Workshops by Victor Adam, 1849 / zoom

Many are paid to do nothing.

Here the unemployed rest, bowl, 

listen to a newspaper being read aloud 

or hold a meeting under a banner

But a third of the out-of-work are artisans in luxury production, who are unfit for physical labor. As well, the government does not wish to compete with businesses, or confront employers who oppose whatever interferes with their control over labor. 

The jobless nevertheless build the space in front of the Saint-Lazare railway station, build the Paris-Versailles line, accomplish other tasks in the suburbs and replace trees torn up for the February barricades. Their cost: 1% of the national budget.*

*Daily wage of a skilled worker, 3,50 francs.Workshop handout: 2 francs a day, reduced to 1,50 ( cost of bread, the staple, 35 centimes; a, deputy's salary, 25 francs)

Turning points:

• The violent repression of a revolt in Rouen (on April 27 and 28).

• The loss of the left's leaders when 130 "troublemakers" are arrested after a chaotic demonstration (on May 15):

Insurrection of May 15 1848, demonstrators and the National Guard at the Palais Bourbon by Gaspard Gobaut, no date / zoom

Riot of May 15, 1848: Invasion of the National Assembly, anonymous, 1848 / zoom

In the confusion demonstrators dissolve the Assembly and rush off to City Hall to form a new government. Auguste Blanqui says at his trial, "We have a certain experience of insurrections and conspiracies, and I can assure you that one does not spend three hours standing around talking in an Assembly that one wants to overthrow," but conservatives use the incident to arrest the leaders. 

General Clément-Thomas (the incorruptible republican combattant of 1830) commands the forces that quell the "insurrection." Many years later, that action will seal his fate.

"Better a horrible end than horror without end!" The right girds for battle, focusing on the Workshops:

• "A strike that costs 170,000 francs a day... get rid of it!"

-- Count de Falloux

• Youths will be soldiers in Algeria and older men build canals or drain malarial swamps. Daily wage: 15 centimes.

On June 22 the Workshops close.
The unemployed march in cadence through the city,

 chanting "We won't go, we won't go."

-- Toqueville

On June 23, "June" erupts.

*     *     *

Next,

A worker's revolt announces the future

A WORKERS' REVOLT ANNOUNCES THE FUTURE

"JUNE" FIGHTING BREAKS OUT IN THE NEW WORKING-CLASS TERRITORIES

Insurrections once concentrated in faubourg Saint-Antoine near the Bastille, now erupt as well in the much wider industrializing areas in the east:

Zoom

Barricades of June 1848

Combat at the Saint-Denis gate, anonymous lithograph, 1848 / zoom

# # # 

Women fight much more than in 1830:

The Barricade at the Saint-Denis Gate, Paris 1848 by William Edward Gabe / zoom

"At the moment when the leader dropped the flag, a young girl grabbed it and lifted it over her head, waving it in an inspired way. Hair flying, arms bare, wearing a scarlet dress, she seemed to defy death...

"A shot rang out and she stumbled and collapsed. 

Another woman suddenly jumped to her side. With one hand she held the bleeding corpse, with the other she threw stones at the assailants. Another round was fired. She fell on the corpse she embraced."

--  Stern 

Discipline is as evident as in February, despite the leaders' arrest: The modern accounts I have read do not mention this key aspect.

"They fought without leaders, yet with a unity and military experience that astonished the most elderly officers."

-- Toqueville (as for the next excerpts)

Workers' aim has immeasurably broadened:

"What distinguished them too was their goal, not to change the form of government,
but to alter the order of society."

# # #

Elites are terrified:

"In spite of its victory, all [privileged] society felt a dread that can only be compared to the invasion of Rome by the barbarians."

Reference to barbarians

 becomes constant in conservative texts.

*      *     * 

Next,

The right changes too:

Provincial nobles answer the call...

THE RIGHT CHANGES TOO: PROVINCIAL NOBLES ANSWER THE CALL

"ALMOST ALL THE VENERABLE NOBILITY TOOK UP ARMS..."  

-- All excerpts from Toqueville

From the most down-home squire to the useless and elegant heirs of the great houses all remembered in that instant (...)

That they had been part of the military ruling caste, and everywhere gave the example of departure and vigor, so great was the vitality of that venerable aristocratic corps...

Zoom

For they keep a trace of themselves even when they seem reduced to dust and rise several times from the ashes before they rest there for eternity." 

# # #

Trains do not function yet and the nobles arrive too late to join the struggle. 

But their mobilisation

shows the depth of dread:

They lack confidence in their generals,

fear revolts in other towns,

and remember earlier insurrections' success. 

*    *    *

Next,

Young delinquents joyously join in

YOUNG DELINQUENTS JOYOUSLY JOIN IN

INDUSTRIALISATION LEADS TO A POOL OF UNEMPLOYED, 

AND OUT-OF-WORK TEENS JOIN THE RIGHT

 

Without the discipline, social ties and solidarity that come from work, they turn to delinquency and conservatives mobilize them through pay.

Zoom

"Young Martin, aged 16 ... 

after mounting a barricade on rue Menilmontant * five times, on the sixth try stabbed an insurgent who was carrying the flag under a hail of bullets. General Cavaignac embraced him with affection, gave him the Legion of Honor and said, 'you have well deserved it.' "

*In tumultuous eastern Paris.

They appear for the first time in June '48 and at first frighten the privileged...   

They cry "long live social reform!" and sing the Marseillaise [revolutionary then]. "They left us full of doubt and fear as to the intentions of those youths, or rather those children, who then more than anyone held our fates in their hands." 

-- Toqueville

But salaries, uniforms, youthful recklessness and officers' authority make them formidable soldiers:

"The bravery of these children of the garde mobile ... cannot even be imagined by those who have not seen it. The sound of shooting, the whistling of bullets, seem like a new game that they love ... they rush to attack, climb up crumbling blocks of stone with a marvelous agility ... a joyous emulation carries them on and hurls them toward death."

-- Toqueville

Internet article (in French)

That ardor is available for whoever can capture it:

Underclass youth will fight

 for La Commune with as much fire.

*      *     * 

Next,
Empathy from a countess alone

EMPATHY FROM A COUNTESS ALONE

ALMOST ALL THE PRIVILEGED, LIBERAL INTELLECTUALS INCLUDED, AGREED THAT:

• "The poor, trained to envy, to hate, to thirst for pillage... only the army holds them back" 

 -- The Red Specter, 1852, cited in "The Journal of the Commune," March 31, 1871

• "E. Cavaignac has served his country well:" title of the image below

Dictionnaire Larousse

General Eugène Cavaignac,

the —  republican — commander of the repression

rides over a broken barricade.

He had asphyxiated Algerian villagers who had taken refuge in caves: "If those bandits retire to their caverns, copy General Cavaignac. Smoke them out like foxes."  

-- General Bugeaud

His orders for June are as ferocious.

# # #

Exception: Marie de Flavigny, Countess d'Agoult, a member of the most venerable nobility and most cultured elite, who left husband, child and caste to run away with Liszt

(In 1835)

Marie is at Liszt's feet; seated behind her, Alexandre Dumas and George Sand; standing, Berlioz, Paganini and Rossini. 

Franz Liszt and Marie d'Agoult, side by side at the Musée Carnavalet

That artists were considered servants of the elite made Marie's shattering of the codes still more spectacular. 

The couple had three children, but Liszt lost interest. The unattainable goddess was one thing, an outcast dependent on him another. Tolstoy tells a similar story in Anna Karenina.

Her personal revolt led to understanding that of others, and her History of the Revolution of 1848* echoes Karl Marx  

*Pen name, Daniel Stern

 "The insurgent of June

 is the combattant of February"

The poor take power, maintain perfect order and give the new government three months — "three months of misery" — to accede to their sole demand, employment. They revolt when the Assembly, which owes them its jobs, goes back on its word.

Her account was badly received.  

*      *      *

Next,

June brings Europe's most authoritarian regime

JUNE BRINGS EUROPE'S MOST AUTHORITARIAN REGIME

"SOCIETY SALUTED ITS LIBERATOR WITH UNANIMOUS ACCLAIM AND IN A TRANSPORT OF GRATITUDE GAVE HIM THE TASK OF LEADING IT, AND PRESERVING IT FROM NEW PERILS"

-- Daniel Stern

 

        Portrait of Napoleon III by Franz Xavier Winterhalter, 1855 /zoom

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (1808-73), Napoleon's nephew, used his name to become President of the Second Republic, then seize power by a coup d'état. He named his regime the "Second Empire" and himself "Napoleon III" ( Napoleon's son had died). 

Middle-class republicans try to persuade the poor to man the barricades again, but they refuse to defend a republic that has massacred them. 

• On the contrary, some run through the streets crying, "Poléon ! Poléon !"

• "We won't fight for your 25 francs a day," they say to deputies who try to mobilize them."This is how one dies for 25 francs a day," Jean-Baptiste Baudin answers, as he climbs onto a barricade and is shot. 

• Four hundred middle-class demonstrators are mowed down on the boulevards: Corpses lie exposed for days.

 "Forth day, victory" by Ernest Dargent / zoom

For once, Thiers has nothing to do with the massacre. As leader of the conservative opposition, he is under arrest.

# # #

Pillars of the regime:  

• The Church

• The army

• Notables

• Tycoons

• Upstarts enriched by corruption and speculation :

The Second Empire is known for bling, corruption and the exponential rise of inequality. Among its first acts: forbidding unions.

It has become fashionable to stress its modernity, but the Industrial Revolution would have brought that regardless of regime.  
.

By terrifying the privileged

and causing the poor to abandon

a republic that had betrayed them,

June explains the Second Empire.

End of this section.

*     *     *

Next section,

IV.2.

Fear, unlikely promoter of urban grandeur

IV.I.5. THE CITY MUSEUM AND THE INSURRECTIONS

MENU: 4.1.5. City Museum & the insurrections

PARIS STANDS OUT FOR TWO THINGS: THE CULTURE OF ITS ELITES AND ITS INSURRECTIONS

How does the Musée Carnavalet show them?

The townhouse of the Marquise de Sévigny is now the historical museum. "I think I will be happy here," she wrote.

It magnifies the élites

 and almost omits the social conflicts.

• A spectacular homage to the elites

• A French Revolution that is almost peaceful

• The 19th-century insurrections as shown before the renovation

• 1830: Capitalism wins and elegant fighters replace plebeians

• February 1848: announcements, medals, bourgeois, a sash, furniture, a proclamation... but no humble fighters

• June 1848: one sentence at the back of the floor

• Barricades, a game for kids

*    *    *

Next,

A spectacular homage to the elites

A SPECTACULAR HOMMAGE TO THE ELITES

STREET SIGNS, RARE EXAMPLES OF POPULAR ENERGY....* 

*Most are in the reserves. For a huge painting of an underclass parade that mocked the Church and the elite, please click.

Lead to a breathtaking staircase and to superb installations of salons:

        The study of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who headed the economy in about 1660-1680.

With details like these: 

For the early 20th century, installations of a jeweler, a ballroom and evocations of Marcel Proust and Gertrude Stein: 

 

PHOTO STEIN

But...

Next,

A French Revolution that is almost peaceful