TENSIONS RISE. THE KING LEAVES SECRETLY FOR THE FRONTIER. HE IS STOPPED AND FORCED BACK TO PARIS
-- Main texts: Michelet's The Flight to Varennes in "History of the French Revolution" and
Madame la Duchesse de Tourzel,
governess of the royal children, ed. 1986, with notes (in French).A televised popularization: The Varennes episode in The Rest is History, YouTube:
Louis's "Flight to Varennes" (the insignificant town where he is stopped) destroyed the aura of monarchy. It is considered as important as taking the Bastille.
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"A galloping horseman rides up behind them, cries, 'On the order of the Nation, postilion, stop! You are driving the king!' All remain stupefied. The bodyguards had no firearms... The story of the tragic moment when the King was arrested was and always will be imperfectly known.
-- Michelet p.163
You can still follow the route...
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Varennes itself was devastated by the two world wars. Only a panel on the police station that occupies the grocery store where the king and his entourage were harbored recalls the drama.
Bondy: The suburban town where the royals join chambermaids and baggage, and exchange the ordinary vehicle with which they leave Paris for the spectacular coach that the next page describes.
Chalons: The last relay to which horses could gallop from Paris without being changed and the town where the the royals found a respite on the frightful return, where the crowd murdered a royalist and where members of the government arrived to impose order.
Sainte-Menehould: The relay for changing horses whose owner recognized the king.
Montmédy: A citadel on the border with Austria (now Belgium), beyond which royalist forces were massed; Louis's destination.
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The story
- The trip is put off several times, the last for 24 hours to coincide with the day off of a servant thought to be a spy.*
*« Placed near the queen at the time of her marriage, Her Majesty, accustomed to her, liked her skill and intelligence. She was treated in a way better than should have been that of a woman of her class. » (Bold added: the remark may explain the servant's animosity.)
-- Madame Campan, p. 340
- That change means that royalist troops from the frontier remain in the region much longer than the few hours originally planned, frightening the population. Have they come to collect feudal dues to landowners that have not been paid? Do they announce an invasion?
--When the King took Flight by Timothy Tackett, 2004
- The king disguises himself as "Monsieur Durand," the accountant of a baroness whom the Dauphin's governess impersonates.
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The Evasion of Louis XVI by Viktor Lazarevski, 2013, source of the movie photos on this page and the next. |
Louis XVI practices bowing as "Monsieur Durand," a name as ordinary as "Mr. Smith" in a film for French television.
Marie-Antoinette assumes the role of her maid. The little Dauphin is dressed as a girl, and the 13-year-old princess as a commoner.
- Without trying to hide his identity, Louis has a guard distribute largesse:
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"Look! I've been given a gold louis!"
"A louis for giving directions? That's impossible!"
In reality the king is recognized by his profile printed on new paper money.
- Delays in leaving Paris and the coach's weight mean that the fugitives arrive three hours late for the meeting with a royalist escort. Alarmed by the unrest that the troops' presence causes and supposing that the trip has been put off again, the commander orders their departure half an hour before the royals appear.
- The worried travellers go on to the next stop. There they find that the men have dismounted and and that many are in the taverns, where they drink and fraternize with the locals. The group goes on alone.
- Jean Drouet, who owns the relay at Sainte-Menehould, recognizes Louis while changing the horses. An ardent revolutionary, he persuades the notables that the travellers are the royal family. They let him gallop off to have them halted.
He arrives at Varennes minutes after the travellers.
- At 23:00 everyone sleeps, except for a half-dozen Jacobins who drink in a tavern. At Drouet's passionate demand they barricade the route. The guards do not stop them (the next page says more).
- The mayor is in Paris. The grocer who replaces him does not know what to do, and to let the situation evolve suggests that the travellers stay in the rooms over his shop until morning. Having no choice, they accept.
Marie-Antoinette enters a dwelling that is not a palace or prison for the only time in her life.
# # #
"Bonjour Sire!" When a resident who has been to Versailles confirms the stranger's identity, Louis admits that he is the king:
"That 'Bonjour Sire !' was for Louis XVI, for Marie-Antoinette and for Madame Elisabeth the guillotine, for the dauphin the agony of the Temple; for Madame Royale, the extinction of her race and exile."
-- Victor Hugo, cited in the Memoirs of Madame de Tourzel, note 3, p. 199.
- Drouet has the church bell toll. Other churches take up the call. "The bells in the village churches took up the call. The whole shadowy countryside was in commotion; from the steeple one could see lights that sought each other, met; a great storm was forming; a mass of armed men, full of agitation, of trouble."
-- Michelet, p.166
- Masses arrive with drum rolls, banners, pikes and guns. Two representatives from the government arrive, with a letter that confirms the flight of the king and an order to keep him from going farther. The population demands that he be taken back to Paris.
- In the morning the king tries to delay the departure, hoping that the royalist troops on the border 25 miles away will free him. The commander fears the turmoil of the countryside and can be sure only of German mercenaries. They arrive in Varennes 20 minutes after the king has left, and see the cloud of dust left by the crowd.
"Barricades on the route. They find a ford, pass it. Then it's a canal. They try to pass it. [...] The Germans start saying that their horses are exhausted. [They hear that] the Verdun garrison is coming after them in full force."
They leave.
- The royals are forced to return to Paris. Local guards surround them and thousands of people relay each other to surround the coach, during a return that takes four days.
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The People in Arms by Jean-Baptiste Lesueur / zoom
- The royals spend a third night without sleep, swelter in the June heat and choke under the clouds of dust the crowds stir up. At every burg they are obliged to listen to the mayors' harangues lifted from Paris newspapers.
- At Chalons, a town with little commercial production and so without radical workers, notables receive the royals ceremoniously. On the fourth night since leaving Paris, they sleep at last.
The respite is short-lived: Crowds come from elsewhere stop a mass. A count arrives on horseback wearing the Cross of Saint Louis and to show the monarch that people remain loyal to him, cries "Long live the king!" He is massacred. His head and hat are brandished on pikes.
- Three emissaries from the National Assembly arrive to preserve order. The coach can advance only step by step and as it approaches Paris, crowds are increasingly hostile.
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The procession enters Paris by the wealthy west, circling the city to avoid the radicalized, underclass east:
The Return from Varennes on June 25, 1791, 1791 by Jean Duplessis Bertaux / zoom
Posters forbid demonstrations.Tens of thousands line the streets in silence to watch the king pass by...
- But when Jean Drouet* appears at the head of the cortege applause breaks out.
*His life:
- As delegate to the radical government elected a year later, he votes the death of the king.
- When fighting in the war against Austria he is captured, and is among the prisoners exchanged for the king's young daughter.
- He becomes sub-prefect of Sainte-Menehould.
- Napoleon decorates him, saying "You have changed the face of the world."
- At the Restoration authorities pursue him and he ends his life in hiding.
-- Wikipedia
- At place de la Concorde the cortège passes in front of the royal statue: Michelet says a veil has been placed over its eyes, to symbolize the blindness of the monarchy.
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Return of the King and his Family after the Flight to Varennes, unidentified print / zoom |
- Men do not remove their hats.
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Return of the Royal Family to Paris on June 25, 1791, anonymous / zoom |
The entrance to the Tuileries palace, the royals' destination, is on the right.
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The royals are allowed into the Tuileries palace, but the guards are almost massacred. They have been riding on top of one of the coaches for all these days, under the jeers and threats of the crowds. Little is said about them.
Marie-Antoinette looks in a mirror and sees that her blond hair has turned white.
# # #
The deputies are prosperous people, since only tax-paying proprietors can vote. For them the king is a bulwark against the street, and for a little over a year the royals live much as before — except for the surveillance.*
*A guard is posted at the queen's open door as she sleeps, the curtains around the bed providing a screen. The door is closed only when she dresses.
A corridor between the rooms of the king and queen is watched 24 hours a day, to keep them from communicating. An actor from the Comédie française tries to be made guard often, to let them have brief conversations.
-- Madame Campan, pp. 347-348
# # #
"What! The king flees! The king joins the enemy! He betrays the nation!
A father hands over his children! Our peasants of France had not yet a political notion other than of paternal rule; it was less the revolutionary idea that infuriated them than the awful, impious thought that a father would cede his offspring, betray their confidence! »
-- Michelet, p. 166
The monarchy never recovers.
But Michelet and those who follow
overlook the extent of the betrayal.
* * *
Next,
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